Original Data
We start our analysis with descriptive analyses and some tentative tests of Hypothesis 1, which predicted that gender equality would be positively correlated with gender differences in value priorities. First, we replicated the cross-sectional association between gender equality and gender differences in personality by correlating GEI with the values. For the individual values, the correlation coefficients (Pearson’s r) are .30 for Achievement (p = .096), .62 for Benevolence (p < .001), .47 for Power (p = .007), .47 for Universalism (p = .007), and .15 for Stimulation (p = .480). To obtain a broader measure of personality differences, we also calculated an index that captures the average gender difference across all five values. The correlation between this index and GEI was .55 (p < .001). Together these findings mimic previous cross-sectional studies. For example, Falk and Hermle (2018) report a correlation of .56 between gender equality and a summary index of gender differences in preferences. Our tentative analysis renders initial partial support for Hypothesis 1.
Looking at Hypothesis 2, and this hypothesized that gender differences in the five worthy of concerns create converge throughout the years across the nations, Fig. step 1 reveals the common get across-country difference in opinions anywhere between group anywhere between to help you to have brand new 17 available places. I average the distinctions during the last a few rounds and deduct the average regarding the first two rounds of ESS to reduce year-to-seasons action. Bad score indicate a convergence in the opinions anywhere between someone and you may self-confident thinking suggest https://datingranking.net/cs/bdsm-recenze/ a beneficial divergence. The new trend is fairly uniform across the places on tendency for the significantly more overlap to your every five beliefs. Switzerland was deviating in the trend as the philosophy hint at a little tendency towards divergence. There are even deviations regarding the overlap trend toward various thinking in almost any nations while the fundamental development leans to the convergence.
Mediocre change in intercourse variations in opinions of so you can for 17 Europe. The amount graphed indicates the change into the pure sex difference between and you may . Negative amounts indicate that the difference inside beliefs had been coming down (converging) having a specific worth during the a specific country whereas confident amounts suggest a rise in gender difference (divergence)
A rough way of showing that it trend is via pooling all examples (countries) and you may evaluating this new standardized differences (Cohen’s d) between folk in the first one or two swells out-of ESS (2002–2004) on last several surf out of ESS (2014–2016). Dining table dos means that Cohen’s d reduces for everyone beliefs with an average reduced total of fifteen%. It very easy malfunction of information is relative to Hypothesis 2, and that states you to definitely men’s room and you may ladies really worth priorities gather over time.
Longitudinal Models
Turning to the longitudinal models, we first ran repeated measurement models with only time (see Table 3). Negative time coefficients mean that the difference between men and women is decreasing over time (i.e., converging) because the coefficients correspond to the average change in value differences between men and women across time points. Looking at specific values, Benevolence, Power, and Achievement are converging over time, whereas Universalism and Stimulation display no significant change over time. The effects are not substantial but they clearly refute the idea of a divergence in these values because men and women are becoming more alike over time. Hypothesis 2, predicting a gender convergence in values, is thus partly confirmed. Moreover, there is significant variation in intercept across countries (b = .15–.23, p < .001), but little or no variation in slope (Power: p = .040, all other ps > .22. In other words, the rate of change in value differences does not vary across countries. There is generally no covariance between intercept and slope, which indicates that the change in gender differences in values is not related to the size of the gender difference.