Composite images of the flapping wings at the end of up- and down-strokes. ( a ) The clap-and-fling effect is strong with wing distance of 16 mm (0.64 cm ); ( b ) The clap-and-fling effect is almost diminished with wing distance of 40 mm (1.6 cm ) Reprinted from Ref. [ 42 ].
Significance in the flapping-side actions. ( a ) Feather axis, flapping axis, and you can flapping perspective ? ; ( b ) The fresh parabolic bend acting camber of a-wing point. Reprinted from Ref. [ 44 ].
Brand new non-dimensional pushes to your wing range out-of 16 mm from the hovering determined on newest mesh and you may on the greatest interlock made use of in the earlier work. Reprinted regarding Ref. [ 42 ].
Disperse fields into the 75%R-planes during the down-stroke clap for J = 1. Due to inertia force lead regarding the side size, brand new wing camber change off contour-upwards ( an excellent , b ) so you can bend-off ( c , d ). Brand new white curves is the intersections between the wings and also the jet, representing wing areas. A leading edges is actually noted having light circles.
Disperse industries inside 75%R-plane during right up-heart attack fling having J = step one. The reduced stress part ap-pears first around the top edges ( a good – c ), upcoming gradually grows with the whole space between your wings ( d – h ). A number one corners are designated with white sectors.
Flow fields sex weby into the 75%R-flat throughout the right up-heart attack fling having J = 1. The low stress area ap-pears to begin with around the top corners ( an excellent – c ), upcoming gradually develops into the whole room involving the wings ( d – h ). The leading sides are designated with white circles.
Flow fields in 25% cm -plane during down-stroke reversal; ( a – d ) Down-stroke clap; ( e – h ) Up-stroke fling. For all values of J , the wing distance is 16 mm. The black curves are the intersections between the wings and 25% cm -plane.
Flow fields in 25% cm -plane during down-stroke reversal; ( a – d ) Down-stroke clap; ( e – h ) Up-stroke fling. For all values of J , the wing distance is 16 mm. The black curves are the intersections between the wings and 25% cm -plane.
Flow fields in 25% cm -plane during down-stroke reversal; ( a – d ) Down-stroke clap; ( e – h ) Up-stroke fling. For all values of J , the wing distance is 16 mm. The black curves are the intersections between the wings and 25% cm -plane.
The fresh wing root is actually designated with white sectors
Flow fields in 25% cm -plane during up-stroke reversal; ( a – d ) Up-stroke clap; ( e – m ) Down-stroke fling. For all values of J , the wing distance is 16 mm.
The new wing sources is actually marked having light groups
Flow fields in 25% cm -plane during up-stroke reversal; ( a – d ) Up-stroke clap; ( e – m ) Down-stroke fling. For all values of J , the wing distance is 16 mm.
The fresh new wing root is noted which have white groups
Flow fields in 25% cm -plane during up-stroke reversal; ( a – d ) Up-stroke clap; ( e – m ) Down-stroke fling. For all values of J , the wing distance is 16 mm.
The new side sources is actually marked which have light circles
Flow fields in 25% cm -plane during up-stroke reversal; ( a – d ) Up-stroke clap; ( e – m ) Down-stroke fling. For all values of J , the wing distance is 16 mm.